Global IssuesAfrican Nations Show Rare Transparency in Military Spending
UNITED NATIONS, Nov 26 (IPS) - When the United Nations began publishing annual reports on arms expenditures, starting in 1981, not all 193 member states voluntarily participated in the exercise in transparency-- primarily because most governments are secretive about their defense spending and their weapons purchases.
The original goal of the reports, according to the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), was to facilitate reductions in military budgets, particularly in the context of the trillions of dollars in annual global military spending-- reaching a staggering $1.7 trillion in 2017.
The United Nations has vociferously – but unsuccessfully – long campaigned for a significant diversion of military budgets into development aid, including a much-needed $100 billion by 2020 to curb carbon emissions and weather the impact of climate change.
According to UNODA, a total of 126 UN Member States have submitted reports to the UN Secretary-General regularly or at least once.
But only a minority of States report in any given year, while a small number of States consistently report every year. In addition, there are significant disparities in reporting by States among different regions.
Transparency in armaments, according to the UN, contributes to international security by fostering trust and confidence among countries.
And in a rare exercise in transparency, countries in sub-Saharan Africa have consistently reported on their military expenditures, according to a new report released last week by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)
Asked to single out the most transparent, and the least transparent, of the African countries, Dr Nan Tian, Researcher at SIPRI's Arms and Military Expenditure Programme, told IPS that based on SIPRI's analysis, countries with relatively high transparency include Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Namibia, South Africa and Tanzania, among others.
She said the least transparent include Eritrea, Ethiopia, Malawi, Lesotho, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea and Djibouti. According to UNODA, information on military matters, particularly transparency on military expenditures, helps build confidence between countries.
At the same time, it can also help governments determine whether excessive or destabilizing accumulations of arms are taking place.
The new SIPRI report says transparency in military spending in sub-Saharan Africa is higher than expected.
Between 2012 and 2017, 45 of the 47 states surveyed published at least one official budget document in a timely manner online.
‘Contrary to common belief, countries in sub-Saharan Africa show a high degree of transparency in how they spend money on their military,’ says Dr Tian.
She says citizens everywhere should know where and how public money is spent. It is encouraging that national reporting in sub-Saharan Africa has
In a joint statement Dr Tian and Pieter Wezeman, Senior Researcher in SIPRI's Arms and Military Expenditure Programme, told IPS global participation in reporting of military expenditure to the UN, on the other hand, has decreased to a very low level.
"The latest information we have is that in 2018, only 32 countries submitted data about their military spending in 2017."
In the period 2008–17, only five states in sub-Saharan Africa reported at least once, and no reports were submitted during the years 2015–17.
"2018 has not yet ended but, as far as we know, no African country reported this year."
Still, SIPRI data shows that governments in 45 countries in the region made either military expenditure budgets or figures on actual military expenditure publicly available in the period 2012–16, said Dr Tian and Wezeman.
These states could have opted to simply use this information in a submission to the UN using either their own format or the simplified form.
Dr. Natalie J. Goldring, a Senior Fellow with the Security Studies Program in the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, told IPS the latest SIPRI report contains good news for analysts and advocates concerned about global transparency on military expenditures.
She said SIPRI has documented the publication of military spending reports in 45 of 47 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for at least one year between 2012 and 2017. The United Nations has a long-standing instrument that is intended to collect information on UN members' military expenditures.
Unfortunately, participation in that instrument has been low in recent years. And the vast majority of the countries that reported on their 2017 budgets in 2018 are countries in Europe.
The other regions of the world are vastly underrepresented.
"It's ironic that so many countries in Africa are publishing their individual reports on military spending, but are choosing not to report the same data to the United Nations," said Dr Goldring, who also represents the Acronym Institute for Disarmament Diplomacy at the United Nations, on conventional weapons and arms trade issues.
She pointed out that UN Member States regularly describe "reporting fatigue," with numerous – and sometimes overlapping – reporting requirements imposing burdens on agencies and departments that are chronically understaffed.
"One possible solution would be to try to reduce the number of reports and to create standard forms to gather data that would otherwise be submitted in multiple reports." "Although the inclusion of virtually all sub-Saharan countries in the SIPRI report is good news, knowing the monetary value of military budgets only gets you so far. Military budget numbers are often not good proxies for countries' military power".
For example, the horrendous destructive power of the small arms and light weapons that are being used in conflicts all over the world is completely out of proportion to their relatively modest cost, she added. Asked how most Asian, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries compare with transparency by African countries, Dr Tian and Wezeman told IPS they do not make any comparisons in the report, nor an extensive assessment of other regions in the past few years.
"Still based on SIPRI's continuous monitoring of military spending in the world we can sketch the situation in other regions."
Military spending transparency in Latin America is relatively high, for all countries useful and often detailed information is available, they said.
In Asia, transparency varies a lot. In India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, Malaysia, Kazakhstan and Indonesia, very useful military spending data is published by the governments.
However in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, North Korea, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, military spending is kept secret, while military spending data in China is incomplete.
Also in the Middle East transparency varies highly.
Turkey, Israel, Iran and Jordan publish quite detailed information, but public reporting on military spending in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Egypt and Iraq is low to minimal, "whereas we have not found any useful military spending data for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar."
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