Global IssuesQ&A: Africa's Legislated Civil Society Crackdown
Assassinations, intimidation and disappearances were the manifestations of civil society repression in Africa, but this may be changing as the crackdown on civil society is becoming more formally accepted and increasingly 'by the book', according to Ingrid Srinath, secretary general of the global civil society network, CIVICUS.
In the last two years, CIVICUS' Civil Society Watch Programme has responded to civil society in more than 90 countries worldwide. In Africa, countries are increasingly using legislation, including laws governing homosexuality, treason and access to information, to hamper non-governmental mobilisation, said Srinath, who previously headed up the child rights organisation Child Rights and You in her native India before taking the helm at CIVICUS.
In response to the crackdown, which Srinath links to the global economic recession, CIVICUS has established a Crisis Response Fund. Threatened civil society organisations from around the world can apply to the fund for money to support activities such as documentation of human rights abuses as well as related advocacy and training.
The initiative is supported by Lifeline, a similar emergency fund accessible not only to organisations but also at-risk human rights defenders. Through Lifeline, human rights defenders can access money for medical costs, legal representation and even temporary relocation.
As South Africa continues to debate a controversial protection of information bill recently withdrawn from parliamentary consideration for further discussion after public protest, Srinath spoke to IPS about the civil society crackdown in Africa.
Q: You have spoken recently about a global crackdown on civil society, what does that crackdown look like in Africa? A: In Africa, the clampdown takes a few different forms. A large part of it is legislation, so whether it is ... the anti-homosexuality bill in Uganda or this new protection of information legislation in South Africa, there is a legislative pushback to constrain freedom of expression, association, and assembly. Then there is the outright what you might call 'extra judiciary' measures - the assassinations, intimidation, torture — that is more a factor in Zimbabwe or too many countries to actually list.
Finally, there is this constant undermining or erosion of civil society by these constant attacks on accountability. Every African government official I have met will make the accusation, 'who are these civil society people accountable to anyway? We get elected, who elected them?' which is such a specious argument.
Q: Is civil society equipped to legally contest these legislations? A: There is actually very good legal support available... from Lawyers for Human Rights, the International Centre for Not-for-Profit Law, (and) CIVICUS itself has a number of toolkits and can model legislations. If you have a new legislation in your country and you want someone to analyse it for you and come back with a critique of it, CIVICUS and a number of other organisations have that capacity and are willing to do that.
You need a multifaceted approach. There is an element of this that is legal, which means mounting legal challenges to the constitutionality of these laws, and mounting the legal challenges internationally because all of these laws are in violation of treaty commitments. As important is building public opinion. India just decriminalised homosexual sex last year. This was not as much because of the legal challenge as much as (shifting) public opinion.
Q: You have linked the clampdown to the recent global economic downturn, how are these two related? A: There are two connections between the economic downturn and the clampdown. One is the economic downturn has caused public anger, not so much the downturn but the kinds of responses governments made to it. That caused a lot of public anger. We see this direct correlation, every time there is a spike in food prices, there is a spike in public protest and there is a spike in repression that follows. Public anger, from a government point of view, needs to be repressed so there has been a crackdown in response to the mounting public anger.
The second connection is where once the international community might have been willing to intervene previously...post financial crises geopolitics means that certain countries with very large markets, or who are large providers of capital or natural resources - especially energy - can now get away with it where they could not a few years ago. Simultaneously of course, civil society has less resources to fight back.
Q: What are the top three African countries experiencing the worst civil society clampdown? A: Zambia, Ethiopia and Swaziland. The situation across these countries is bad but, in some ways, the lowering of standards in South Africa has a worse long-term impact than the more direct repressing than you're seeing in Ethiopia because that lowers the bar for everybody and then everybody pays a price. Whereas a particularly repressive (Robert) Mugabe is really bad for Zimbabweans but has no trickle over effects to other parts of the continent.
Q: How would you characterise the African Union's response to growing repression of the continent's civil society? A: I have not seen the African Union doing anything with any degree of responsiveness, principle or just even good strategy. Whether it was Libya or anywhere, they were the last to respond and had the weakest response. I think there's an opportunity here for the AU to re-invent itself in a post Arab spring moment. I am not immediately sensing that there is that kind of leadership. There is the opportunity if someone is willing to exercise that leadership.
Q: Have you seen coping strategies emerge within civil society to these kinds of threats? A: I think we have gotten better at calling on each other. Whether with (what has happened in) Uganda, Zambia, Swaziland, Zimbabwe or Ethiopia, there has been an ability to reach out across national borders to get advice, solidarity, advocacy, and political pressure from other African countries. I think we are getting slightly better at documenting the crackdown. Across these countries you are seeing persuasive, authentic data that allows you to make a stronger case.
One of the missing pieces is more pan-African civil society networks, there are a couple but we need more and perhaps networks focused on (the crackdown).
© Inter Press Service (2011) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service