Global IssuesChile, an Oasis for Haitians that Has Begun to Run Dry
Some 120,000 Haitians were living in Chile in early April, according to official figures, most of them working in low wage jobs in sectors such as construction and cleaning.
These immigrants, with an average age of 30, came with tourist visas, almost all of them since 2014, and stayed to work and build a new life in this long and narrow country wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean, whose dynamic economic growth has made it one of the most attractive destinations for immigrants from the rest of the region in the last five years.
But on Apr. 8, their situation changed radically when the right-wing government of President Sebastián Piñera, in power since Mar. 11, eliminated the temporary visas that allowed them to go from tourists to regular migrants once they obtained a job, and then to be able to bring their families to this country.
Piñera seeks to curb immigration in general - which according to official figures is around one million people in a country of 17.7 million - and of Haitians in particular, with measures which analysts and activists see as discriminatory against the fifth-largest foreign community in Chile, after Peruvians, Colombians, Bolivians and Venezuelans.
From now on, Haitians will have to obtain a tourist visa at the consulate in Port-au-Prince, in order to board a plane bound for Chile. The visa will be valid for 30 days, extendable to 90, and they will not be able to exchange it for a permit allowing them to stay in the country.
By contrast Venezuelans, the other foreign community that has experienced explosive growth, will be able to obtain in Caracas a so-called "democratic visa" valid for one year.
Offsetting the new restrictions, since Apr. 16, all Haitians who arrived before Apr. 8 have begun to be able to regularise their status, in a process that will end in July 2019. Also, starting on Jul. 2, 10,000 additional family reunification visas will be issued over the following year. In total, the government estimates at 300,000 the number of undocumented immigrants in Chile, a minority of whom are Haitians.
For Erik Lundi, 37, who arrived in Chile six years ago from Haiti, the plan "is a very good option. It is very reasonable to give legal status to those who are here."
"But there is a lot of racial discrimination in the new tourist visa. Only in the case of Haitians is it granted for only 30 days, because Venezuelans have the democratic visa. That is very discriminatory. Why are only Haitians given 30 days? It should be the same for everyone," he told IPS.
Activists for the human rights of migrants told IPS that in Chile Haitian immigrants face a special cocktail of xenophobia mixed with racism, sometimes disguised as criticism of the fact that their languages are Creole or French, not Spanish.
Salomón Henry, a painter and electrician who arrived three years ago after spending time in the Dominican Republic, the country that shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, told IPS that "I do not see anything wrong, I see the measures adopted by the government as positive," while Congress approves a reform of the Migration Law, in force since 1975, one of Piñera's main campaign promises.
Henry agrees that "Chile is saturated with immigrants and if more continue to arrive, it means more poverty for those who are already here. It's not because I'm already here, but you have to take action for the greater good of all," he said.
A history of inefficiency
José Tomás Vicuña, national director of the Jesuit Migrants Service (SJM), doubts the effectiveness of instituting the consular visa for tourism for Haitians and eliminating the temporary one, based on the experience of similar provisions adopted for Dominicans in 2012, during the previous government of Piñera (2010-2014).
"When they started requiring a consular visa, more started to arrive," the director of Chile's leading migrant rights organisation told IPS.
The SJM predicts that "the influx (of Haitians) will increase across unauthorised border crossing points. And smuggling networks will also grow," said Vicuña, who noted that "this happens in many countries when access is severely restricted."
Luis Eduardo Thayer, a researcher at the Central University School of Social Sciences and until 2017 chair of the National Consultative Council on Migration - an autonomous civil society entity eliminated by the Piñera administration - agrees with that view.
"The Dominicans kept coming because they had family here, they had networks and job opportunities and the conditions in their country of origin were not what they hoped for," he told IPS.
There were only 6,000 Dominicans in the country when their entrance was restricted, compared to 120,000 Haitians, Thayer said, so "the magnitude of the 'calling effect' by the labour market and family ties is much greater in the case of Haitians."
The 3,000-km Chilean border is described as "porous" by migration officials, making it difficult to control irregular entry.
Thayer ventured that as the Dominicans did, Haitians will use a route known locally as "the hole" or "the gap."
"They take a plane to Colombia and there they set out on a clandestine route to Chile, assisted by people who know the route and charge them money - in other words, a people smuggling network," he explained.
The expert said it is "discriminatory" for Haitians to be required to obtain consular visas to come as tourists "just because they are Haitians." "The government's argument is that they come here using fraudulent means. But it must be acknowledged that fewer Haitians come here than Venezuelans, Bolivians, Peruvians or Colombians," he said emphatically.
The Chilean Undersecretary of the Interior, Rodrigo Ubilla, responsible for foreign and immigration policy, denied in a meeting with foreign correspondents that the measures for Haitians are discriminatory and pointed out that they have the special benefit of family reunification visas.
"The community of Haitian citizens numbers around 120,000 and we believe that for practical purposes we have to help their children and spouses to come quickly and without obstacles to this country," he said.
Stories of those who are already here
The immediate causes of Haitian migration lie in the 2010 earthquake and Hurricane Matthew in 2016 which added devastating effects to the chronic political, economic, social and environmental crisis in Haiti, the poorest country in the Americas.
Word of mouth is another major factor.
And José Miguel Torrico, coordinator for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), emphasises another long-standing factor. The degradation of Haitian soil "is a major impact factor, since basically the migration we have here is unskilled workers, the rural poor," he said.
"The immigration that Chile is receiving comes from rural sectors mainly because they have not been able to maintain their standard of living on the lands they farm," he told IPS in an interview at his regional office in Santiago.
"I came because I saw on the Internet that there are opportunities to work in Chile, and other Haitians who had come here told me about those opportunities," said Henry.
During a break at work in a municipality in the foothills in the Chilean capital, Henry explained that he has a work contract and legal residency for five years, and was able to bring his wife and three of his four children. But his case is exceptional.
His youngest daughter was born in Santiago. "My wife was treated like a queen in the hospital and I did not pay a peso", he said, explaining that the cost was covered by a health fund to which she pays a monthly fee. But undocumented migrants do not have the right to healthcare in Chile.
Accionel Sain Melus, 44, arrived eight years ago from the Dominican Republic (where he lived for 10 years), and works on contract at the Lo Valledor Market, the main vegetable and fruit supply centre in the Chilean capital.
"I have legal residency for five years. The problem is that my wife and daughter were given a temporary visa for one year. I applied and they rejected it. I have all the marriage papers and legalisations. I paid a visa for five years and they sent me a visa for one," he said.
In his conversation with IPS, at the end of a mass in Creole in the Catholic parish of Santa Cruz, in the municipality of Estación Central, he confided his worries: "This is a difficult time for us..."
Pedro Labrín, the priest of that parish in one of the two municipalities with the largest Haitian communities, where some streets are like a "small Haiti", explained to IPS that some immigrants from Haiti "have a strong educational background, language skills and technical qualifications."
But most, he added, "come from the countryside, with very little education, and great difficulties to integrate into the new society because they have fewer social skills and suffer a language barrier."
Lundi said that "most of them leave their country with the dream of continuing their studies. But migrants here have almost no chance to study," he said, pointing to the high cost of Chilean universities.
Living with racism and xenophobia
For the parish priest Labrín "the main problem that Haitians face is racism: black people seem interesting as long as they are not next to us. I observe that attitude here... there is a lot of racial resistance," he said.
In his opinion, "Haitians are stigmatised as carriers of diseases, generators of garbage and domestic violence, as noisy, child abusers, people who speak loudly and are always arguing. Chileans are also angry that they compete with Haitians in terms of access to basic services in healthcare, day care centres, kindergartens and schools."
Lundi's experiences have varied: "On the one hand, Chile has been a welcoming country for migrants. On the other hand, Chileans are a bit more violent, more discriminating."
He accused some sectors of "xenophobia, I do not know if because of their culture they are not used to living with many foreigners, especially black people. They discriminate on the basis of skin colour. That is manifested directly with insults and sometimes psychologically."
Labrín said that in Estación Central "there is an unethical business to subdivide poor houses to lease them at exorbitant prices."
"For up to 200,000 pesos (about 333 dollars) they rent miserable rooms with no safety or sanitary conditions. During the visit by Pope Francis (in January 2018), one of these houses where a hundred people were living with just three showers, one of which was not working, and one toilet, was burned," he complained.
Doubts about the process
For Lundi "the family reunification visa is extremely important because people cannot be happy if they are not with their families. It gives them the opportunity to live together."
But the academic Thayer said this offer "is demagogic: they are saying we are going to close the border, but we are going to allow them to be with their family... which is a basic human right."
Meanwhile, Vicuña said it is essential to know "what will be the criteria for granting the visas, because reducing the criteria to only family reunification will fall short of demand."
"Orderly, safe and regulated migration requires a clear information process, and many measures have been taken here on the fly," he said.
Thayer broke down another growing social prejudice against Haitians. "The rate of unemployment of migrants is very low, like that of Chileans, from five to six percent," he said.
"You cannot say that the labour market is overrun because of the arrival of Haitians. What there is, is a problem of integration because of a lack of public policies on housing, education and work," he said.
Parish priest Labrín called for an emphasis to be put on the contributions made by Haitians: "culture, work, economic assets and children." "The Chilean birth rate, which causes so much concern in the development pyramid, will be bolstered by the birth of Chilean children to migrant parents," he said, to illustrate.
First impact: crowded migration offices
In the Migration Office on Fanor Velasco Street, three blocks from the La Moneda government palace, the air was unbreathable on Apr. 17, the day after the new regulations entered into force.
An unrelenting crowd of migrants seeking to get the process done packed the office and its surroundings from dawn, doubling the already heavy daily flow of people, before the new immigration measures adopted by decree went into effect.
Leonel Dorelus, a 32-year-old Haitian, arrived in Chile in Novembers 2017, after living in the Dominican Republic for three years. He lives with a brother-in-law, who arrived earlier, in a municipality on the south side of Santiago, where he works in an evangelical church.
"I would only like to bring my girlfriend," he told IPS as he waited his turn.
Mark Edouard, 30, comes from the Haitian town of Artibonite. He works as a night-shift doorman, with a contract, and during the day he works at a public market, in the populated district of Puente Alto, 20 km southeast of Santiago.
"I started as an assistant at the same market. At first I lived with other people, but I was not comfortable so I moved and now I live alone," he said.
Zilus Jeandenel, 28, came to Chile from the rural town of Comine. He lives in the municipality of San Bernardo, in the south of Greater Santiago, with two sisters. He arrived eight months ago and has no job, just like one of his sisters. "It's hard to get work," he said, "even though my quality of life is much better here."
Little Haiti in Santiago
It's Sunday, and dozens of Haitians are attending mass in the Jesuit parish church of Santa Cruz, on Pinguinos street in the neighbourhood of Nogales, in the municipality of Estación Central in Santiago, where Erik Lundi works. Kitty corner from the church, a Haitian barber attends his fellow countrymen. They all speak Creole and while they wait for their turn they watch a Formula One race on television.
In front of the barbershop is the bus stop where people catch the bus to downtown Santiago or the southern outskirts of the city. The ticket costs the equivalent of one dollar.
Also on Pingüinos, further east, a street market is held, every Sunday, with stands selling clothes and used shoes that customers try on right there. Other stands, some improvised on the sidewalk, sell vegetables, fruit, meat, typical Haitian products and the most sought-after: sacks of beans. Haitian dishes are also offered to sample on the spot.
There are some Chilean vendors, but most are Haitians. All explain, in Creole or Spanish, the prices, in a street market that, as the parishioners explain, is also a social meeting place. Women with small children, pregnant women, young people who greet each other with high fives and a couple made up of a Haitian man and a smiling Chilean woman holding hands, are part of the Sunday landscape on Pingüinos street.
Just two blocks away, there is an evangelical church which, like the Catholic church, also functions as a social centre, where the service is carried out in Creole and is accompanied by live music played on guitars, electric basses and large congo drums.
People dress up for church as an important occasion. The women wear colourful outfits and shoes and the men wear shiny shoes, some white, while almost all of them wear ties. The girls especially stand out with their tulles and elaborate braided hairstyles. This is Haitian life and culture, transplanted to Santiago, in the Andes mountains.
© Inter Press Service (2018) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service