Global IssuesJournalists, Gov'ts Square Off in Game of Drones
NEW YORK, Jun 05 (IPS) - For some, the word "drone" immediately conjures up ominous phrases like "targeted assassination" and "precision strike."
Others, like the online retail behemoth Amazon, see the technology as way to rapidly deliver the goods to millions of customers.3
In truth, the potential applications are almost limitless. Drones are commonly used in law enforcement, scientific research, search and rescue, crop spraying and a host of other fields.
A province in China is now deploying drone "quadcopters" to bust students who try to cheat on the country's notoriously gruelling college entrance exam.
But drone technology also has the capacity to revolutionise the way journalists do their work – if civilian authorities give the green light, which is far from certain.
"Journalists around the world, from South America to the Middle East and beyond, all see the advantages of this technology and want to use it immediately," says Professor Matt Waite of the Drone Journalism Lab at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln's College of Journalism and Mass Communications.
"But it's a very vulnerable time for the use of drones in journalism and this idea goes to the heart of a handful of problems around the world, namely press freedoms and aviation regulations," he tells IPS. "Many countries are struggling to figure out how to regulate these devices, and many see journalists launching a flying camera as a threat to the government."
Waite noted that countries with a less than free press have quickly banned the devices shortly after someone uses them, particularly if they show something the government doesn't want the public to see. Or, instead of coming up with rules to govern conduct or application, the government simply bans the devices.
"Nepal is a perfect example," he said. "The terrible earthquakes happened there, did massive damage and the world's attention turned to Nepal. With it came hordes of international journalists, many of whom brought small drone platforms with them. Within a week, the government of Nepal banned drones.
"More specifically, it required government permission to fly them, and I've tried several times to get the requirements from the Nepalese civil aviation authority and have been ignored. Were there people flying drones in Nepal? Absolutely, from journalists to NGOs to private citizens. Were some people behaving badly and flying in places and in ways they shouldn't have? Yes.
"But blanket bans or restrictions are not a substitute for actual published rules that respect press freedoms and balance them with safety and privacy issues."
A drone, also known as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is simply an aircraft without a human pilot aboard, operated either by an onboard computer or remotely by person. They can carry cameras and other data-gathering devices, and have already been used to report news stories ranging from fires to London's Crossrail project.
In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which regulates the country's airspace, has yet to establish rules for integrating drones into the National Airspace System (NAS), though Congress has called for the FAA to establish such regulations by this year.
In May 2014, more than a dozen media organisations challenged the government's ban on the use of drones by journalists, saying the FAA's position violates First Amendment protections for news gathering. However, legislation on commercial unmanned aviation, including for use by journalists, remains at a standstill.
"Unfortunately, I think this is going to be emblematic of the next five years — governments are going to struggle to regulate the devices and their use is going to swing on a pendulum between use and restrictions," Waite said.
"And, for the next five years, the world is going to be a giant patchwork of rules, where what's allowed in one country is not going to be just across the border. And the differences between countries are going to be vast."
Waite does predict progress on the issue over the longer term, noting that in a decade or so, the technology will be prevalent around the world and all countries will be forced to have rules.
"Journalists around the world will find the rules will allow them to fly their cameras into the sky and we'll see this tool come into its full potential," he says.
Matthew Schroyer of the Professional Society of Drone Journalists, which advocates for the ethical and responsible use of drone technology, says he sees two similar trends playing out in the next five to 10 years.
"One is that the barrier for entry is continuing to fall, not just thanks to the decreasing cost of the technology, but also because manufacturers are realising that drones can be more successful when they are easier to operate," he told IPS.
"So in that sense, drone journalism may not be such as specialised or technical field in the future, but something that becomes part of the standard journalism toolkit, just like the camera and the cell phone. That also means that drone journalism will begin to be seen less as special production, but as something that is ordinary, expected, and even mundane. That's a helpful trend for citizens and journalists."
He sees drone technology as having the potential to vastly enhance the investigative news-gathering process, particularly as the world grapples with a host of interlocking problems like climate change and sustainability.
"Another trend is seeing the drone not just as an eye in the sky for citizens and journalists, but as a means to collect all manner of geospatial data. Cameras are just one many types of sensors that drones can carry, and other types of sensors can detect things like plant photosynthesis, water quality, various chemicals, and other useful information that we can't see with our own eyes," Schroyer says.
"This means more data-driven stories that look at the real impact of natural and man-made disasters, resource extraction, land use, agriculture, and climate change. This sounds like science, but journalists need to be ready to seek information like a scientist and think like a scientist in order to carry journalism forward."
But it all comes with a giant "if," he cautions.
"We are seeing backlash from governments on drones, and it may not come as a surprise that these are the same places where the rights of journalists have not been protected. In order to see this future, journalists have to prove the value of the drones to the public, act safely and responsibly, and engage the public and the government about the technology in general."
Edited by Kanya D'Almeida
© Inter Press Service (2015) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service