Global IssuesZimbabwe's Forest Carbon Programme Not All It Seems
BULAWAYO, Zimbabwe, Aug 14 (IPS) - The efficacy of attempts to sustainably manage forests and conserve and enhance forest carbon stocks in Zimbabwe is increasingly coming under scrutiny as new research warns that the politics of access and control over forests and their carbon is challenging conventional understanding.
It all comes down to the question of land and of whether local rural communities can benefit if they are not the owners of land.
Even where they do "own" land, say researchers, these communities often find themselves competing with other players driven by different economic considerations, nullifying the very ideals being pushed under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
3Despite the country's agrarian reform programme, under which land was redistributed to millions of landless local communities, the state remains the biggest landowner, raising questions about community empowerment and the ownership of forests.
With researchers pointing to a spike in the demand for land based not only on rural population growth but also on people reportedly moving to rural areas, there is no doubt that any increase in the rural population brings with it increased demand for natural resources.
"The demand on natural resources for land is growing year on year at a rate which is not sustainable," says Steve Wentzel, director of Carbon Green Africa, and this will mean reforestation in the millions, with these trees being planted on plots that do not belong to local communities at a time when some farmers are decimating forest cover by using firewood to cure their tobacco.
The promise held out by REDD+ was that through reforestation and by reducing emissions, communities would then have access to or earn certified emission reduction credits to be sold to or traded with the worst polluters to meet their own emission reduction targets, yet it is clear that like any economic transaction, those who owns the means of production profit most.
Land is still owned either by the state or big business, with little cascading to the "bottom billion" as some economists have called the world's poor, and landowners and the rich industrialised countries benefit at the expense of rural communities.
According to Ian Scoones, co-editor with Melissa Leach of a recently published book titled Carbon Conflicts and Forest Landscapes in Africa, "carbon forestry projects – as previous interventions in forest use, ownership and management – have not been the panacea some had expected."
Scoones says that "multiple conflicts have emerged between landowners, forest users and project developers. Achieving a neat market-based solution to climate mitigation through forest carbon projects is not straightforward."
On Zimbabwe's REDD+ project, which has covered 1.4 million hectares under Carbon Green Africa, Scoones says that "as notional 'traditional' and 'administrative' owners of the land, they should have the authority. But they are pitched against powerful forces with other ideas about resource and economic priorities."
Civil society organisations (CSOs) here argue that this explains why rural communities get the shorter end of the stick.
Meanwhile, a recent brief from Zimbabwe's climate ministry noted that "rich countries have barely kept the promise" of meeting their pledges, casting doubts on whether rural communities will in fact trade any anticipated carbon credits for cash.
The rural poor could well be saying "show us the money" by 2020, the year targeted in Cancun, Mexico, for emission reduction pledges.
Climate and environment ministry officials agree that land ownership under REDD+ has remained a sticking point in its dialogue with CSOs on how local communities may derive premium dividend from forest carbon projects.
"CSOs represent the interests of local communities and lack of safeguards has made this issue an area of divergence between governments and CSOs," says Veronica Gundu, acting deputy director in the Climate Change Management Department of the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate.
"They (CSOs) are pushing for clarity on land ownership and the benefits to the local communities because they view the current regime of implementation to be beneficial only to the project implementers and leaving out the locals," Gundu told IPS.
However, Wentzel of Carbon Green Africa which is implementing Zimbabwe's sole REDD+ project in the Zambezi valley, told IPS: "As it stands the people of these districts are the rightful beneficiaries of revenue generated from their natural resources even if they are not titled land owners."
Edited by Phil Harris
© Inter Press Service (2015) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service